techniques

You are currently browsing articles tagged techniques.

a book on writing

business_english_handbook_advancedThis is a book I discovered a couple of years ago. It’s very different in style from it’s competitors, whether intentionally or because it was published in 1997: spiral-bound, all black and white, no pictures. Furthermore, it doesn’t try any of that ‘humour’ that many books have.

So, it is a very functional book, and get’s straight down to business. It’s split into five sections, which are:

1.Focus on coherence
2.Focus on cohesion
3.Writing letters
4.Correcting written English
5.Punctuation

Each of the above are broken up into easily digestible pieces which are a series of exercises that double up as chapters that general have a paragraph of introduction and then dive straight into a task. Most of the sections begin with tasks that make you think about what you’re trying to achieve, rather than simply lexical/word-related tasks.

This is an interesting approach, and can be rather difficult to follow at times, as well as sometimes it being difficult to see the reason for some of the questions involved. I have been teaching for more than 12 years and am still unsure if the following are conjunctions or adverbs:

however, whatever, besides, consequently

and yet I am asked, at one point, to decide. My point is, does it matter?

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

Tags: , , , ,

There is often quite a bit of confusion with As and Like, in one of their uses they both seem to mean ’similar’ or ‘the same’. I’ve written this with the intention of trying to make this a little clearer so that less mistakes will be made.

Both As and Like can be used as conjunctions and prepositions, whilst As is also sometimes an adverb and Like also a verb. Here’s an example of each:

As as an adverb – Alice is as intelligent as her brother.

As as a conjunction – As prices rise, so people find it more difficult to maintain their standard of living.

As as a preposition – As your manager, you are expected to do what I tell you.

Like as a verb – He didn’t like her very much.

Like as a conjunction – It looks like it’s going to be hot today. (informal – see below*)

Like as a preposition – John is like his father.

The confusion between these two words is when they are used as prepositions.

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

Tags: , , , , , , ,

lay / lie / lie

This recently came up on a forum I sometimes visit. What is it about lay and lie that is so difficult?

There are two basic issues:

  1. This is not a problem of two verbs, but of three:
    1. ‘to lie’ = to intentionally say something that is not true
    2. “to lie” (a different verb) = to be in a position in which your body is flat on a surface such as the ground or a bed (but also used as in “there are clothes all over the floor”), This is often used in the phrasal verb form, to lie down
    3. “to lay” = to put something or someone down carefully, especially so that they are or it is lying flat
  2. As you can see from the first two infinitives, the verbs share some of the same spelling (these are called homonyms = a word that is spelled the same or sounds the same as another word but has a different meaning), especially because b. & c. are irregularIf I show the infinitives, pasts and past participles, that should show you where the confusion is:
    1. lie lied lied (this is regular)
      I don’t know why, but he always lies to me.
      She lied about her father again and again.
      Have you lied to
      me again?
    2. lie lay lain (irregular)
      Look, you had better lie down, you look awful.
      As soon as they lay in bed, they fell asleep.
      The tree had lain where it had fallen for many years.
    3. lay laid laid (irregular)
      Lay the patient carefully on the bed over there.

      They laid they new carpet in the lounge, and it looked great.
      The body was laid carefully on the bed.
  3. And how do English people tell the difference? Well, as in any language, it’s in the context, no one ever listens to any single word, but instead to a phrase in the context of a situation etc.

Download a pdf of the article here (you need to be registered to do this): Confusion! lay / lie / lie pdficon_large

  • Share/Bookmark

Tags: , , , , ,

Numbers - Introduction

Introduction

This is one area which continually causes trouble for clients. One of those parts of the language in which learners can go for years without ever realising that they are making a mistake, and of course with something as important as numbers, this can, potentially, have serious consequences.

Note, these articles are not here to teach you how to count, but how to correctly pronounce particular types of numbers once you already know the basics.

I think that this article can sensibly be split into three areas so as to cause as little confusion as possible.

  1. Cardinal numbers – numbers in their ‘natural state’, e.g. 39; 49,949; 1,000,000
  2. Ordinal numbers – numbers of ‘position’, e.g. 1st; 28th; 61st
  3. Quantities and quantifiers – numbers that give us an ‘amount of things’, e.g. eight dogs; millions of pounds; half a dozen potatoes

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

Tags: , , , , ,

This is the second part of the article, if you haven’t read the first part, you can find it here.

Becoming a sponge

Squeezed SpongeTo incorporate language learning into life, one needs to bring the target language, in this case English, out from the cold and into the warm front room of the everyday. Almost every client I have, whatever their level and situation, automatically disengages from English when they don’t have to use it (for most this means when not at work), and many are disengaged even when they are using it.

This is not a criticism. Except for a very select few, we are all disengaged from whichever language we use because language is a tool. It is natural to think about what we are saying not how we are saying it. The trick to becoming a sponge, to my mind, is to get back to concentrating on the how at the expense, at least initially of the what. This concentration on the how doesn’t even need to be conscious all of the time. Merely hearing a conversation without listening to it the brain will be taking in some of that information subconsciously and filing it away, in much the same way that a baby spends the time before it can ’speak’ listening to the way it’s parents communicate, subconsciously organising linguistic structures in the brain.

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

Tags: , ,

Introduction

Unsqueezed Sponge

For me, the most key element of learning a language is awareness. I usually spend no more than three or four hours with a client in any given week, normally spread over two sessions or ‘classes’. For me, therefore, four hours is little more than 3.5% of the time during a week when a client is not asleep. If the client or ’student’ thinks that they only need to concentrate on what they are learning during the sessions, then what teacher can hope to succeed in improving their client’s ability to speak a foreign language?

In my view, there is no teacher who can succeed this way. No teacher can succeed if the client is not engaged in the learning process. Teaching is not about feeding a client knowledge, it is about them using their skill, knowledge and personality to help the student overcome the barriers and complexities that lie in the way of the absorbing the knowledge.

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

Tags: , ,